LL-37

Research protocols typically start at 100-125 mcg/day subcutaneous, titrating up to 200-400 mcg/day based on tolerability. Cycling of 2-4 weeks on, equal break off, is common to prevent immune tolerance. Clinical application is limited by low proteolytic stability, cytotoxicity at high concentrations, and high production costs.

Net positive charge of +6 allows binding to negatively charged bacterial membranes, forming transmembrane pores that disrupt cell integrity and cause lysis.

Disrupts and prevents bacterial biofilm formation, enhancing effectiveness against persistent infections that resist conventional antibiotics.

Binds and neutralizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS/endotoxin), reducing the inflammatory cascade triggered by Gram-negative bacterial components.

Acts as a chemoattractant for cells of the adaptive immune system, recruiting immune cells to wound or infection sites and bridging innate and adaptive immunity.

Promotes re-epithelialization and wound closure, stimulating tissue repair alongside antimicrobial defense.

Effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus), as well as viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Promotes re-epithelialization and wound closure while simultaneously providing antimicrobial protection at wound sites.

Regulates inflammatory response by modulating cytokine release, recruiting adaptive immune cells, and suppressing macrophage pyroptosis in sepsis models.

Disrupts bacterial biofilms that are resistant to conventional antibiotics, relevant to chronic and polymicrobial infections.

Shows multiple protective actions in sepsis models including improving survival, enhancing neutrophil extracellular traps, and stimulating antimicrobial microvesicle release.

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