Peptide Database

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1MQ (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium) is a synthetic small molecule, not a peptide. It was developed as a selective, cell-permeable inhibitor of the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT).

20 studies · 3 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₁₀H₁₁N₂⁺

AOD-9604

AOD-9604 is a synthetic 16-amino acid peptide fragment corresponding to the C-terminal region (amino acids 176-191) of human growth hormone, with a tyrosine substitution at the N-terminus. It was developed by Metabolic Pharmaceuticals in Australia in the 1990s.

12 studies · 4 mechanisms · 3 benefits

C₇₈H₁₂₃N₂₃O₂₃S₂

BPC-157

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic 15-amino acid peptide derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice. It is a partial sequence of the naturally occurring body protection compound (BPC) isolated from gastric secretions.

18 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₆₂H₉₈N₁₆O₂₂

CagriSema

CagriSema is a fixed-dose combination of two peptide drugs developed by Novo Nordisk: cagrilintide (a long-acting amylin analog, C194H312N54O59S2, MW ~4409 Da, 37 amino acids) and semaglutide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist, C187H291N45O59, MW ~4114 Da, 31 amino acids). It is administered as a once-weekly subcutaneous injection.

3 studies · 3 mechanisms · 4 benefits

Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide

Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (LL-37/hCAP-18) is the only human member of the cathelicidin family. It is a 37-amino acid cationic peptide cleaved from the C-terminus of the 18 kDa precursor protein hCAP-18 by proteinase 3, and is expressed by epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and other immune cells.

5 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₂₀₅H₃₄₀N₆₀O₅₃

Cerebrolysin

Cerebrolysin is a mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides (all below 10 kDa) and free amino acids derived from purified porcine (pig) brain proteins through standardized enzymatic hydrolysis. It is not a single peptide but a complex mixture containing fragments that mimic neurotrophic factors including BDNF, GDNF, NGF, and CNTF.

19 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

CJC-1295

CJC-1295 is a synthetic 30-amino acid peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), developed by ConjuChem Biotechnologies. It features four amino acid substitutions from native GHRH (1-29) to improve protease resistance, plus a C-terminal lysine with a maleimidopropionic acid group.

18 studies · 3 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₁₅₂H₂₅₂N₄₄O₄₂

Dihexa

Dihexa (PNB-0408) is a synthetic oligopeptide derived from angiotensin IV, developed at Washington State University. It is chemically described as N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide and was designed to potently activate the HGF/c-Met receptor system.

19 studies · 4 mechanisms · 3 benefits

C₂₇H₄₄N₄O₅

DSIP

DSIP (Delta-Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is an amphiphilic nonapeptide first identified in 1977 from cerebral venous blood of rabbits during induced sleep. Note: this is the same peptide as 'Delta-sleep-inducing peptide' (id: 35) in this dataset.

23 studies · 5 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₃₅H₄₈N₁₀O₁₅

Efinopegdutide

Efinopegdutide (MK-6024) is a synthetic GLP-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist developed by Merck. It is derived from oxyntomodulin (OXM), a 37-amino-acid peptide, with modifications to its primary sequence and conjugation to the Fc region of human IgG4 to extend its half-life.

3 studies · 3 mechanisms · 3 benefits

Epitalon

Epitalon (also spelled Epithalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) based on the natural peptide epithalamin, which is extracted from the pineal gland. It was developed by the Russian gerontologist Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology.

19 studies · 4 mechanisms · 6 benefits

C₁₄H₂₂N₄O₉

Examorelin (Hexarelin)

Examorelin (also known as Hexarelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue developed by Mediolanum Farmaceutici. It was derived from GHRP-6 by the addition of two methyl groups to the tryptophan residue to enhance stability and receptor affinity.

3 studies · 4 mechanisms · 6 benefits

C47H58N12O6

Follistatin

Follistatin is a naturally occurring single-chain glycoprotein encoded by the FST gene. The most common research isoform is FST-344 (344 amino acids unprocessed; 315 amino acids after signal peptide cleavage), which circulates in the bloodstream and binds members of the TGF-beta superfamily.

3 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

GHK

GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is a naturally occurring tripeptide first isolated from human plasma. It is found in plasma, saliva, and urine, with plasma levels of approximately 200 ng/mL at age 20, declining to 80 ng/mL by age 60.

19 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C14H24N6O4

GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine:copper(II)) is the naturally occurring copper complex of the GHK tripeptide, first isolated from human plasma. The Cu(II) ion is coordinated by the nitrogen from the imidazole side chain of histidine, the alpha-amino group of glycine, and the deprotonated amide nitrogen of the glycine-histidine peptide bond.

25 studies · 5 mechanisms · 7 benefits

C14H24CuN6O4

GHRP-6

GHRP-6 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6) is a synthetic hexapeptide met-enkephalin analogue developed for its growth hormone-releasing activity. It was one of the first synthetic GH secretagogues discovered and acts as an agonist at the ghrelin receptor despite having no sequence similarity to ghrelin.

5 studies · 4 mechanisms · 6 benefits

C46H56N12O6

Hexarelin

Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue and a potent, selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). It was developed from GHRP-6 by incorporation of D-2-methyl-tryptophan, enhancing enzymatic resistance and receptor affinity. Hexarelin is the same compound as Examorelin (INN).

18 studies · 4 mechanisms · 6 benefits

C47H58N12O6

HMG (Human Menopausal Gonadotropin)

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG, also called menotropin) is a combination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in a 1:1 ratio, originally extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women. It has been available since the 1960s and is used clinically for fertility treatment.

3 studies · 3 mechanisms · 4 benefits

Humanin

Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) first identified in a cDNA library from the occipital lobe of an Alzheimer's disease patient. It is encoded by a small open reading frame within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the mitochondrial genome.

19 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₁₁₈H₂₀₄N₄₄O₃₁S

IGF-1 LR3

IGF-1 LR3 is a synthetic analog of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), modified with a 13-amino acid N-terminal extension and an arginine substitution at position 3. These modifications dramatically extend its half-life from minutes to 20-30 hours.

3 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₄₀₀H₆₂₅N₁₁₁O₁₁₅S₉

Ipamorelin

Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide derived from GHRP-1, featuring non-standard amino acids including alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and D-2-naphthylalanine (D-2-Nal). It was developed as the first selective growth hormone secretagogue.

20 studies · 3 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₃₈H₄₉N₉O₅

Kisspeptin-10

Kisspeptin-10 is a 10-amino acid peptide derived from the KISS1 gene product. It is the shortest bioactive fragment of kisspeptin, featuring a conserved Arg-Phe-NH2 C-terminal motif crucial for binding the GPR54 (KISS1R) receptor.

19 studies · 3 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₆₃H₈₃N₁₇O₁₄

KPV

KPV is a tripeptide derived from the C-terminal sequence of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), a naturally occurring peptide hormone involved in immune and inflammatory regulation.

13 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₁₆H₃₀N₄O₄

Liraglutide

Liraglutide is a synthetic analog of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) with 97% amino acid sequence homology to native GLP-1(7-37). It features a Lys34Arg substitution and a C-16 palmitoyl fatty acid chain attached to Lys26 via a gamma-glutamic acid spacer, enabling albumin binding and prolonged half-life.

19 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₁₇₂H₂₆₅N₄₃O₅₁

LL-37

LL-37 is the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. It corresponds to the C-terminal 37 amino acids (residues 134-170) of human cationic antimicrobial protein 18 (hCAP18) and is named for its two N-terminal leucine residues.

20 studies · 5 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₂₀₅H₃₄₀N₆₀O₅₃

Melanotan-II

Melanotan-II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), originally developed at the University of Arizona. Its cyclic structure (Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2) includes a lactam bridge between Asp and Lys side chains, with non-standard amino acids preventing standard single-letter sequence representation.

16 studies · 3 mechanisms · 3 benefits

C₅₀H₆₉N₁₅O₉

MOTS-c

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA within the MT-RNR1 gene. It is one of several mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) and is endogenously produced, with levels increasing during exercise.

20 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₁₀₁H₁₅₂N₂₈O₂₂S₂

N-Acetyl-Semax

N-Acetyl Semax (amidate) is a modified form of Semax, which is itself a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the ACTH(4-10) fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Developed in Russia, the N-acetyl modification enhances stability and bioavailability, while the Pro-Gly-Pro C-terminal extension (positions 8-10) increases resistance to enzymatic degradation.

1 study · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₃₉H₅₄N₁₀O₁₀S

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is not a peptide but a coenzyme found in all living cells. It is a dinucleotide consisting of two nucleotides (one with adenine, one with nicotinamide) joined through their phosphate groups. NAD+ is essential for cellular energy metabolism and is synthesized endogenously from precursors including tryptophan, niacin, nicotinamide riboside, and NMN.

20 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂

Nicotinamide mononucleotide

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is not a peptide but a nucleotide derived from ribose and nicotinamide. It is a naturally occurring compound found in small amounts in foods like broccoli, avocado, and edamame, and is a direct biosynthetic precursor to NAD+ in the salvage pathway via the enzyme NMNAT.

5 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₈P

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a naturally occurring nonapeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It features a disulfide bridge between Cys1 and Cys6 and a C-terminal amide group essential for biological activity. It is one of the oldest known neuropeptides, conserved across vertebrate species.

3 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₄₃H₆₆N₁₂O₁₂S₂

Pentosan polysulfate

Pentosan polysulfate is a semi-synthetic polysulfated xylan (hemicellulose-derived polysaccharide) obtained from beechwood. It is a low molecular weight heparin-like compound structurally similar to glycosaminoglycans found in the bladder lining.

5 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

(C₅H₆Na₂O₁₀S₂)n

Pinealon

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed by the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in Russia. It is based on the concept of bioregulatory peptides derived from pineal gland extracts, designed to influence gene expression in neuronal tissue.

20 studies · 3 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₁₅H₂₆N₆O₈

Pralmorelin (GHRP-2)

Pralmorelin (GHRP-2) is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue developed as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent. It was the first growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR/ghrelin receptor) agonist to be introduced in clinical use, originally developed in Japan for GH deficiency diagnosis.

5 studies · 3 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₄₅H₅₅N₉O₆

PT-141

Bremelanotide is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from the melanocortin peptide hormone alpha-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone). It is an active metabolite of melanotan II, differing by the absence of the C-terminal amide group.

15 studies · 2 mechanisms · 3 benefits

C₅₀H₆₈N₁₄O₁₀

Retatrutide

Retatrutide is an experimental triple hormone receptor agonist peptide developed by Eli Lilly and Company for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is a 39-amino acid peptide conjugated to a C20 fatty diacid moiety for extended half-life, incorporating non-natural amino acids (Aib, alpha-methyl-leucine) for stability and receptor selectivity.

5 studies · 3 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₂₂₁H₃₄₂N₄₆O₆₈

Selank

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed by the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is a stabilized analog of the naturally occurring immunopeptide tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, a fragment of IgG heavy chain), extended with Pro-Gly-Pro at the C-terminus to improve metabolic stability.

18 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₃₃H₅₇N₁₁O₉

Semaglutide

Semaglutide is a synthetic glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog based on the human GLP-1(7-37) sequence, developed by Novo Nordisk. It features two key amino acid substitutions (Aib at position 8, Arg at position 34) and a C18 fatty diacid side chain at Lys26 to enhance albumin binding and extend half-life to ~160 hours.

19 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₁₈₇H₂₉₁N₄₅O₅₉

Semax

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the ACTH(4-10) fragment, originally developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It extends the native ACTH(4-7) sequence (Met-Glu-His-Phe) with a stabilizing Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide at the C-terminus.

19 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₃₉H₅₄N₁₀O₁₀S

Sermorelin

Sermorelin is a synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 29 amino acids of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29). It represents the shortest fully functional fragment of GHRH that retains full biological activity at the GHRH receptor.

18 studies · 3 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₁₄₉H₂₄₆N₄₄O₄₂S

SS-31

SS-31 (Szeto-Schiller peptide 31) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide developed by Hazel Szeto and Peter Bhatt Schiller at Weill Cornell Medicine. Elamipretide is the clinical name adopted by Stealth BioTherapeutics for development as a therapeutic for mitochondrial diseases.

25 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅

Survodutide

Survodutide (BI 456906) is a synthetic dual glucagon receptor/GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim. Unlike other dual agonists based on oxyntomodulin, survodutide is a glucagon analog with engineered GLP-1 activity, featuring a non-coded amino acid (1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid) at position 2 and a C18 fatty diacid at Lys24 for albumin binding and extended half-life.

3 studies · 4 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₁₉₂H₂₈₉N₄₇O₆₁

TB-500

Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) is a naturally occurring 43-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the thymus gland. It is the most abundant member of the beta-thymosin family and is found in virtually all cell types except red blood cells, where it serves as the primary intracellular G-actin sequestering peptide.

20 studies · 5 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₂₁₂H₃₅₀N₅₆O₇₈S

TB-500-Frag

TB-500-Frag (also called TB-500 or Ac-LKKTETQ) is a synthetic N-acetylated heptapeptide corresponding to amino acids 17-23 of full-length Thymosin Beta-4. This region contains the actin-binding motif (LKKTET) that is strongly conserved across all beta-thymosins and is considered the key active domain for cell migration and healing effects.

2 studies · 3 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C₃₈H₆₈N₁₀O₁₄

Tesamorelin

Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-44) developed by Theratechnologies. It consists of all 44 amino acids of endogenous GHRH with an N-terminal trans-3-hexenoic acid modification that confers resistance to enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), extending its biological activity.

18 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C₂₂₁H₃₆₆N₇₂O₆₇S

Thymosin-Alpha-1

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino acid peptide fragment derived from prothymosin alpha, originally isolated from calf thymus tissue. It is produced by cleavage of the 113-amino acid precursor prothymosin alpha, encoded by the PTMA gene in humans.

20 studies · 3 mechanisms · 6 benefits

C129H215N33O55

Tirzepatide

Tirzepatide is a synthetic 39-amino acid peptide based on the human GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) sequence. It contains two non-coded amino acid residues (alpha-aminoisobutyric acid/Aib at positions 2 and 13) and a C20 fatty diacid moiety conjugated at Lys20 via a linker for albumin binding and extended half-life.

20 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C225H348N48O68

Vasopressin

Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin/AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a 9-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. It features a disulfide bond between Cys1 and Cys6 and a C-terminal amidation.

3 studies · 3 mechanisms · 4 benefits

C46H65N15O12S2

VIP

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the glucagon/secretin superfamily. It is produced in many tissues including the gut, pancreas, neocortex, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, and has a C-terminal amidation.

18 studies · 4 mechanisms · 5 benefits

C147H237N43O43S